Transformation of Sentences
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PK’s
English Care
Mithapukur,
Rangpur
Topic:
Transformation of Simple, Complex and Compound Sentence
Simple
Sentence থেকে Complex/ Compound করতে
হলে সবার আগে তিন ধরনের Clause
সম্পর্কে ভালো ধারণা থাকতে হবে।
Clause
হলো একটি বৃহৎ বাক্যের খন্ড বাক্য যে অংশে অবশ্যই একটি Subject ও একটি Finite Verb
থাকে। যেমন;
He
worked hard so
that he could change his fortune.
Clause
প্রধানত ৩ ধরনের হয়।
১।
Principal Clause ( যা বাক্যের অর্থ সম্পূর্ণ করতে অন্য কোন Clause এর উপর নির্ভর করে
না। এ ধরণের বাক্যকে Simple Sentence বলা হয়। Simple Sentence এ একটি Subject ও একটি
Finite Verb থাকে এবং Gerund, Present Participle ও Infinitive থাকতে পারে। )
২।
Subordinate Clause (যা স্বাধীনভাবে সম্পূর্ণ মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করতে পারে না। সম্পূর্ণ
অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে হলে Principal Clause এর উপর নির্ভর করে। Complex Sentence এ দুটি
Clause থাকে: Principal Clause ও Subordinate Clause; তাই, এ ধরণের বাক্যকে
Complex Sentence বলে।)
He worked hard so that
he could change his fate. If you read
attentively, you will make a good result.
Principal
Clause(PC) Subordinate Clause(SC) Subordinate
Clause(SC) Principal Clause(PC)
Subordinating Conjunction হিসেবে Before, after, till, until, when,
where, which, who, whom, why, what, that, since, as, because, if, unless, as
if, as though, although, even though, as soon as, so that, on condition that,
and provided that বসে। এগুলো
কখনোও Simple/Compound Sentence এ বসে না।
৩।
Co-ordinate Clause (Compound Sentence এ দুটি Principal Clause/Simple Sentence
and, or, otherwise, but, so etc দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে। এক্ষেত্রে and, or,
otherwise, but, so etc অবশ্যই দুটি বাক্যের মধ্যে বসবে।
He
wrote a letter and (he) posted it.
PC
(S + FV) …… + and + PC (S + FV)…….
Compound
Sentence এ and, or, otherwise, but, so, and so
etc. Co-ordinating Conjunction দুটি
Principal Clause এর মাঝে বসে। এগুলো কখনোও Simple বা
Complex Sentence এ বসে না।
Simple, Complex and Compound at a glance
for understanding better
|
Simple |
Complex |
Compound |
|
1. Verb + ing
(present participle)……, PC. |
When/ As/
Since + SC , PC. |
PC + and +
PC. |
|
2. Being
…………. , PC. |
As/ Since +
SC, PC. |
PC + and (so)
PC. |
|
3. Because of
…… , PC |
As/ Since +
SC, PC. |
PC + and +
PC. |
|
4. At the
time of ….., PC. |
When + SC,
PC. |
PC + and +
PC. |
|
5. In spite
of…. /Despite …., PC. |
Though/
Although + SC, PC. |
PC + but +
PC. |
|
6. S + v + ….
to/in order to + v1 + …… . |
PC + so that
+ S + can/could/may/might + V1 + …. . |
PC + and +
PC. |
|
7. S + v +
too + adj. + to + v1 + ……. . |
S + v + so +
adj. + that + S + can’t/couldn’t + v1 + … . |
S + v + very
+ adj. + and + S + can’t/couldn’t + v1 + …. . |
|
8. S +
(v+ing) ..……………………. . |
S +
who/which/that + auxiliary verb + (v+ing) + ……….. . |
PC + and +
PC. |
|
9. S + v + o
+ (v1+ing)…… . |
S + v + o +
who/which/that + to be verb + (v+ing)……. . |
PC + and +
PC. |
|
10. By +
(v+ing) …… , PC. |
If + SC, PC. |
Imperative +
and + PC. |
|
11. Without (
v+ing) ….., PC. |
If you do not
…., PC. |
Imperative(affir.)
+ or + PC. |
Rule No 1:
|
Verb + ing
(present participle)……, PC. Being …………. ,
PC. Because of ……
, PC At the time
of ….., PC. |
When/ As/
Since + SC , PC. As/ Since +
SC, PC. As/ Since +
SC, PC. When + SC,
PC. |
PC + and +
PC. PC + and (so)
PC. PC + and +
PC. PC + and +
PC. |
|
|
Simple |
Leaving
Bangladesh, Hasina went to India. |
|
|
Complex |
When Hasina
left Bangladesh, she went to India. |
|
|
Compound |
Hasina left
Bangladesh and (she) went to India. |
|
|
Simple |
Finishing his
work, he started reading. |
|
|
Complex |
When he
finished his work, he started reading. |
|
|
Compound |
He finished
his work and started reading. |
|
|
Simple |
Having
written well, he got a good marks. |
|
|
Complex |
As he had
written well, he got a good marks. |
|
|
Compound |
He had
written well and got a good marks. |
|
|
Simple |
Because of
his illness, he missed the classes. |
Because of
his poverty, he was unable to buy food. |
|
|
Complex |
As he was
ill, he missed the classes. |
As he was
poor, he was unable to buy food. |
|
|
Compound |
He was ill
and missed the classes. |
He was poor
and unable to buy food. |
|
|
Simple |
At the time
of sleeping, I heard a sound. |
At the time
of playing football, he broke his leg. |
|
|
Complex |
When I was
sleeping, I heard a sound. |
When he was
playing football, he broke his leg. |
|
|
Compound |
I was
sleeping and heard a sound. |
He was
playing football and broke his leg. |
Rule No 2
|
In spite of….
/Despite …., PC. |
Though/
Although + SC, PC. |
PC + but +
PC. |
|||
|
|
Simple |
In spite of
his working hard, he failed. |
In spite of
taking care, we can’t avoid death. |
||
|
|
Complex |
Although he
worked hard, he failed. |
Though we
take care, we can’t avoid death. |
||
|
|
Compound |
He worked
hard but failed. |
We take care
but we can’t avoid death. |
||
Rule No 3.
|
S + v + ….
to/in order to + v1 + …… . |
PC + so that
+ S + can/could/may/might + V1 +…. . |
PC + and +
PC. |
|
|
Simple |
We are born
to fight. |
We eat to
live. |
|
|
Complex |
We are born
so that we can fight. |
We eat so
that we may live. |
|
|
Compound |
We can fight
so we are born. |
We may live
so we eat. |
Rule No 4.
|
S + v + too +
adj. + to + v1 + ……. . |
S + v + so +
adj. + that + S + can’t/couldn’t + v1 + … . |
S + v + very
+ adj. + and + S + can’t/couldn’t + v1 + …. . |
|
|
Simple |
He is too
small to speak clearly. |
He was too
tired to carry the bag. |
|
|
Complex |
He is so
small that he can’t speak clearly. |
He was so
tired that he couldn’t carry the bag. |
|
|
Compound |
He is very
small and he can’t speak clearly. |
He was very
tired and he couldn’t carry the bag. |
Rule No 5.
|
S + (v+ing)
..……………………. . |
S +
who/which/that + auxiliary verb + (v+ing) + ….. . |
PC + and +
PC. |
|
|
Simple |
The man
growing crops is a farmer. |
The people
living in the slum are poor. |
|
|
Complex |
The man who
grows crops is a farmer. |
The people
who live in the slum are poor. |
|
|
Compound |
The man grows
crops and he is a farmer. |
The people
live in the slum and they are poor. |
Rule No 6.
|
S + v + o +
(v1+ing)…… . |
S + v + o +
who/which/that + to be verb + (v+ing)……. . |
PC + and +
PC. |
|
|
|
We saw him
reading newspaper. |
I help him
doing the work. |
|
|
|
We saw him
who was reading newspaper. We saw that
he was reading newspaper. |
I help him
who is doing the work. |
|
|
|
He was
reading newspaper and we saw it. |
He is doing
the work and I help. |
Rule No 7.
|
By + (v+ing)
…… , PC. |
If + SC, PC. |
Imperative +
and + PC. |
|
Simple |
By practising
English well, you can speak in English. |
By reading
books, we can gain knowledge. |
|
Complex |
If you
practise English well, you can speak in English. |
If we read
books, we can gain knowledge. |
|
Compound |
Practise English
well and you can speak in English. |
We read books
and (we) can gain knowledge. |
|
Simple |
By using time
properly, he is sure to shine in life. |
By opening a
bank account, I can deposit money. |
|
Complex |
If he uses
time properly, he is sure to shine in life. |
If I open a
bank account, I can deposit money. |
|
Compound |
He uses time
properly and (he) is sure to shine in life. |
I open a bank
account and (I) can deposit money. |
Rule No 8.
|
Without (
v+ing) ….., PC. |
If you do not
…., PC. |
Imperative(affir.)
+ or + PC. |
|
1 |
Simple |
Without
playing well, we cannot win this match. |
|
Complex |
If we do not
play well, we cannot win this match. |
|
|
Compound |
Let us play
well or/otherwise we cannot win this match. |
|
|
2 |
Simple |
Without being
there, I cannot do it. |
|
Complex |
If I am not
there, I cannot do it. |
|
|
Compound |
Let me be
there or I cannot do it. |
|
|
3 |
Simple |
Without
taking physical exercise, you can’t be fit. |
|
Complex |
If you do not
take physical exercise, you can’t be fit. |
|
|
Compound |
Take physical
exercise or you can’t be fit. |
|
|
4 |
Simple |
Without
working hard, he can’t shine in life. |
|
Complex |
If he does
not work hard, he can’t shine in life. |
|
|
Compound |
Let him work
hard or he can’t shine in life. |
Rule No 9.
|
S + be verb +
Complement. |
It/This + be
verb + who/which + be verb + Complement. |
It/This + be
verb + S + |
|
Simple |
Health is
wealth. |
Allah is
kind. |
|
Complex |
It is health
which is wealth. |
This is Allah
Who is kind. |
|
Compound |
It is health
and it is wealth. |
This is Allah
and He is kind. |
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